NAVIGATING BY LANDMARKS:
Departing at sunset, navigators set their course to a known destination by alignment with landmarks. The drift of the vessel form that alignment might indicate the direction and strength of the current, later, he may pick up his bearing from a familiar star.

---

.

NAVIGATING BY STAR PATHS:
On east-west courses navigators steered towards stars known to rise or set over their destination. Steering was adjusted to compensate for the leeway (side-ways drift) caused by the wind and current, the angle estimated form experience. To maintain this angle they guided on stars dead ahead, replacing them with others in the same path as the guiding stars rose to high to be useful or set below the horizon.